The djvu file may render much faster than the pdf version, and certainly will download faster due to its reduced size. However you must have the djvu reader to view djvu files. This may be obtained for free: http://www.djvuzone.org/download/index.html -jont Reference: Burns, E. M., D. H. Keefe (1992). Intermittent tinnitus resulting from unstable otoacoustic emissions, in "Proceedings of the IV International Tinnitus Seminar", eds. J.-M. Aran and R. Dauman Kugler, Amsterdam. ------------------------------------------------------------ Comment by Keefe: ------------------------------------------------------------ The Keefe and Burns (1992) reference establishes that subjects can detect an intermittent SOAE just as they can detect a low-level intermittent tone. It was concluded that short term adaptation effects well known for the perception of external tones also apply to perception of intermittent SOAEs. In another set of measurements, the subject can pitch match to a linked SOAE in which one of the SOAE components changed in frequency by a musical interval of 78 cents. The rapid fluctuation in pitch was observed in the associated short-time Fourier transform of the SOAE components. The conclusion that this type of tinnitus has a cochlear-based origin in the SOAEs follows from these observations. The existence of linked SOAEs is consistent with a traveling wave description of SOAE generation, as spatially distinct sites are mechanically linked. This type of linkage is described more in one referenced paper (Keefe et al. (1990)). This latter reference established that linked SOAEs had a common phase-locking frequency consistent with a common dynamical origin. The adult subject of Keefe and Burns (1992) was Ed Burns. I wish he would publish his longitudinal measurements of SOAE frequencies and levels in a number of individuals, which extend over more than two decades. Many SOAEs are inordinately stable over time. --Doug Keefe ------------------------------------------------------------ The list posting by Keefe http://auditorymodels.org/list/cochlea/2002-December/001069.html is reproduced below: ------------------------------------------------------------ There's been a number of posts on tinnitus and SOAEs. Tinnitus is multi-dimensional in its effects. In many people with otherwise normal hearing, tinnitus is occasionally detected as an intermittent low-level tone. Such tinnitus in some cases can be explained as produced by SOAEs. In one case study reported in Burns, E. M., D. H. Keefe (1992). Intermittent tinnitus resulting from unstable otoacoustic emissions, in "Proceedings of the IV International Tinnitus Seminar", eds. J.-M. Aran and R. Dauman (Kugler, Amsterdam), Ed Burns had the idea to test whether the intermittent sensation of tinnitus was correlated with the presence of an intermittent SOAE. A subject sat in a sound attenuated booth and pressed a button whenever he heard the tinnitus. The subject depressed the button as long as he continued to hear the tinnitus. After some period of time, on the order of several 10's of seconds, the sensation of tinnitus disappeared. Simultaneously, the lab computer made continuous measurements of SOAE spectra with emphasis on a particular frequency component that appeared and disappeared (relative to the noise floor) in the subject's ear. What happened was that the onset of the SOAE signal produced the onset of tinnitus--as quantified by the subject depressing the button. The subject tended to release the button before the SOAE disappeared, which was interpreted as a short-term adaption to a low-level tone. The SOAE level tended to decay back into the noise in an intermittent fashion, but everytime it re-appeared, the subject would again have the sensation of tinnitus and depress the button. The subject had other non-intermittent SOAEs that were inaudible as tinnitus, which suggests that SOAEs are not perceived as tinnitus due to short term adaptation, but intermittent SOAEs may be audible as tinnitus until short-term adaption wins out. The subject was unaware of the results of the SOAE measurements. Not having the article handy I believe the spectrum was a 64k-sample FFT or so at a 22.05 kHz sample rate, and I don't recall if we interleaved FFTs. --Doug Keefe